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Unix/Linux file permissions

Unix file permissions Notation

There are two type of file permission notation Symbolic and Numeric.

Symbolic notation 

Unix permissions are represented by several ways. In which user will know the access permission of particular files and directories.

There are Three permission triads.

 first triad for => what the owner can do
 Second triad for => what the group members can do
 Third triad => what other users can do
 r means readable
 w means writable
 x means executable

 r is for reading is permitted otherwise - if it is not allow.
 w is for writing is permitted, - if it is not allow.
 x is for execution is permitted, - if it is not allow.


Numeric notation

Numeric Unix permissions notation is an octal (base-8). This notation includes of at least three digits. The component of the permissions is owner, group, and others respectively.
The read bit adds 4 to its total   (in binary 100)
The write bit adds 2 to its total  (in binary 010)
The execute bit adds 1 to its total (in binary 001)

 Symbolic Notation Numeric (Octal) Notation English
 --wx-wx-wx 0333 write & execute
-r--r--r-- 0444 read
-r-xr-xr-x 0555 read & execute
-rw-rw-rw- 0666 read & write
-rwxrwxrwx 0777 read, write, & execute

Ex.
Triplet for u: rwx => 4 + 2 + 1 = 7
Triplet for g: r-x => 4 + 0 + 1 = 5
Tripler for o: r-x => 4 + 0 + 1 = 5
Which makes : 755

Top IT/Software companies founder persons

Top Indian IT companies founder  name

Infosys : N. R. Narayana Murthy, Nandan Nilekani, Kris Gopalakrishnan
TCS  : J. R. D. Tata, F. C. Kohli
Wipro : M.H. Premji
HCL Technologies : Arjun Malhotra, Shiv Nadar
Tech Mahindra : Anand Mahindra
iGate patni : Narendra Patni
Mphasis : Jerry Rao , Jeroen Tas
Syntel : Bharat Desai, Neerja Sethi
directi : Bhavin Turakhia

Top Global IT companies founder name

Google  : Larry Page , Sergey Brin
Apple Inc.  : Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne
Facebook : Mark Zuckerberg, Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Chris Hughes

Microsoft Corporation  : Bill Gates , Paul Allen
Oracle Corporation Founder : Larry Ellison, Bob Miner,Ed Oates
SAP AG : Hasso Plattner, Klaus Tschira, Claus Wellenreuther, Dietmar Hopp, Hans-Werner Hector
Symantec  : Gary Hendrix
CA Inc. : Russell Artzt, Charles Wang
Intuit : Thomas Proulx, Scott D. Cook
Adobe Systems  : John Warnock, Charles Geschke
VMware : Diane Greene, Scott Devine, Edward Wang, Mendel Rosenblum, Edouard Bugnion
CheckPoint Software Technologies  : Marius Nacht, Shlomo Kramer, Gil Shwed
EBay : Pierre Omidyar
amazon : Jeff Bezos
rackspace : Dirk Elmendorf, Pat Condon
Go Daddy : Bob Parsons
Zend Technologies Founders : Zeev Suraski , Andi Gutmans

CAPTCHA - google recaptcha

Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA)


 - It is to verify and determine that the request send by human or not.



Google recaptcha

If you need to add captch in to your web application form most of the cases we need to add this captcha in contact us , feed back form

It is a safe, secure and easy way to integrate into your web form.

For that you need to signup for google recaptcha

https://www.google.com/recaptcha/admin#whyrecaptcha

After sign up you get public and private keys.

Below are the URL you may help out to integrate it into your application whether it is a php or .net application.

https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/

https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/php

https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/php

https://code.google.com/p/recaptcha/downloads/detail?name=recaptcha-php-1.11.zip&can=2&q=label%3Aphplib-Latest

404 page not found setting in codeigniter

If you have to set 404 page not found in your application and you are using php codeigniter  framework
you need to open application/config/routes.php  file and set the following setting

$route['404_override'] = 'not_found/index/';

In above statement not_found is the controller and index is the function in that controller.

-------------------------------------------------------------------

If you are not using any type of php framework or codeigniter , then you must have to create,configured and setup the page not found setting manually.

Create a file page_not_found.php for page not found option and save it.

Now, you have to put some setting lines into your .htaccess file
If this file is already present, then you have to modified it  and append following lines and save it.


RewriteEngine on
ErrorDocument 404 http://localhost/webapp/page_not_found.php

password protected folder on Apache with the help of .htaccess and .htpasswd file

.htpasswd file
The following code will be include in your .htpasswd

Admin:prplaCMT5hYjo

This is your login credential while browsing that directory. The password is encrypted with md5

Upload this file in that directory you want to password protect.

.htaccess
The following code will be include in your .htaccess

AuthType Basic
AuthName "restricted area"
AuthUserFile /home/path/public_html/dir_name/.htpasswd
require valid-user

Upload this file in that directory you want to password protect.

PHP setting for oracle 11g Express Edition Database

After installing Oracle Database 11g Express Edition , you must need to do some PHP setting to connect and used the oracle database.
You need to enable the oci8_11g package for that. For this you may open your php.ini configuration file and find the extension=php_oci8_11g.dll
You may find following block of code like this

extension=php_mysql.dll
extension=php_mysqli.dll
;extension=php_oci8.dll      ; Use with Oracle 10gR2 Instant Client
;extension=php_oci8_11g.dll  ; Use with Oracle 11gR2 Instant Client
;extension=php_openssl.dll
;extension=php_pdo_firebird.dll
extension=php_pdo_mysql.dll

You just need to remove semicolon (;) from the begining of the extension=php_oci8_11g.dll  statement. Then restart all services and check it in your phpinfo.

Now, You can connect the database the sample code is as follows.

<?php

// Create connection to Oracle
$conn = oci_connect("user1", "password",  'localhost');

if (!$conn)
{
   $m = oci_error();
   echo $m['message'], "\n";
   exit;
}
else
{
   print "Connected to Oracle!";
}

$Rs = oci_parse($conn, 'select * from emp_master');
oci_execute($Rs);
echo "<pre>\n";

while (($row = oci_fetch_assoc($Rs)))
{
   print_r($row) ;
}

// Close the Oracle connection
oci_close($conn);
?>